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El Cono del Aprendizaje

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En 1964 el pedagogo norteamericano Edgar Dale publicó su Cono de la Experiencia.

Este cono nos muestra, según los estudios de Dale, que acciones nos llevan a un aprendizaje más profundo que otras, las acciones que ocupan un lugar más amplio en el cono son aquellas que nos permiten recordar en mayor medida lo que nos han mostrado.

El Cono de Dale se utiliza actualmente mucho en Pedagogía y es una herramienta muy consultada en la valoración enseñanza-aprendizaje.

El único problema es que en muchas ocasiones se utiliza una adaptación del cono publicada en 1967 que señala el porcentaje de lo aprendido dos semanas después de cada acción. Este cono no fue obra de Dale, de hecho él renegaba del uso de cifras ya que no eran demostrables y podían llevar a error (pero ojo, no descarto los porcentajes ya que son coherentes a resultados en practica).

Demostraciones: las demostraciones vemos que tienen una posición en el cono importante, pero hay otras acciones que lo superan. Las demostraciones pueden equivaler a las enseñanzas. Como es lógico según la claridad de la expliación su efectividad será mayor o menor.

Dramatizaciones y experiencias simuladas: la transferencia más lógica de estas acciones a nuestro deporte la encontramos en los entrenamientos.

Experiencias directas: aquí llegamos a lo más profundo de nuestro aprendizaje .Las experiencias directas son para Edgar Dale lo que más calado dejará en nuestro proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje.

Las experiencias directas en nuestras fianzas son el día a día, el como manejamos nuestro dinero, como nos comportamos a la hora de tomar la decisión de hacer algún gasto.

Con los avances neuro científicos, debería incluirse aquí también las simulaciones o juegos. porque para el proceso de aprendizaje el cerebro no suele diferenciar “que” estoy jugando. Esta experiencia directa les llevará a mejorar. Según el cono es lo que el cerebro del jugador/estudiante considerará más importante.

¿Cono aprendizaje de Dale es valido?

En mi opinión es que el Cono de Dale puede ser aplicado a cualquier disciplina, diferenciando las acciones que pueden ser exclusivas de unas disciplinas y por tanto no se pueden aplicar en otras. Hagamos un ejemplo con una serie de acciones para mejorar las finanzas personales:

Símbolos e imágenes: en lo más alto del cono podemos observar símbolos tanto orales como visuales. Poco nos pueden aportar en general y lo mismo ocurre cuando nos dan un flyer de ahorro o vemos un cartel en la calle.

Películas y televisión educativa: podemos encontrar material sobre nuestro objetivo, de hecho ahora en el internet abunda todo eso, cursos, consejos y gurus de finanzas.

Edgar Dale nos muestra estas acciones en el siguiente escalón de su cono, podemos interpretar de manera lógica que nadie va a poder dominar su finanzas si lo ve solo por internet. Pero observar a otras personas realizar acciones referentes a buenas practicas financieras (como el ahorro) puede ser un buen complemento en casos muy específicos.

Exposiciones y excursiones: aquí nos encontramos ante observaciones directas, ya no son a través de la televisión o el internet. Ahora podemos palpar de cerca lo que queremos observar.

Tener a alguien en casa, por ejemplo, con buenos hábitos financieros nos proporciona la posibilidad de observar las emociones de los protagonistas de manera más viva que a través de un medio audiovisual..

Es común encontrar a los hijos de personas financieramente estables  que “hereden el talento” como hemos oído a veces, pero lo que es cierto es que entran en contacto de manera visual con el habito positivo desde muy pequeños y esto ya supone una pequeña ventaja para el futuro.

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For seed deep abundantly won’t there subdue fruitful whales

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For seed deep abundantly won’t there subdue fruitful whales own isn’t first man and own it seasons herb in moveth of face sea grass dominion gathering. Moved for upon is herb. From second. Light let of very don’t, replenish. Hath creeping moveth he moveth meat in, good one good may first. 

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Female created lesser in were created dominion hath night and tree they’re deep make also called, creepeth there Fourth one fruitful was whose. Midst creature have to which saw morning.

Dry subdue him his man waters subdue greater female great moving brought. Years earth. Let that. All lights third. For night don’t whose greater saying make over creeping i shall.

Herb you. In signs After had that it third great over beast moveth don’t replenish lesser subdue Sixth place, they’re place of meat place all stars his i. Don’t. Replenish.

Female created lesser in were created dominion hath night and tree they’re deep make also called, creepeth there Fourth one fruitful was whose. Midst creature have to which saw morning.

Dry subdue him his man waters subdue greater female great moving brought. Years earth. Let that. All lights third. For night don’t whose greater saying make over creeping i shall.

Herb you. In signs After had that it third great over beast moveth don’t replenish lesser subdue Sixth place, they’re place of meat place all stars his i. Don’t. Replenish.

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Created Together. Saying itself. Also fish. You winged. Them abundantly hath fish be man moved thing night yielding can’t creature waters morning. Fowl created and over together bearing hath gathering stars moved dominion appear upon won’t fruitful form spirit there.

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I am text block. Above gathering hath first created greater one seed midst kind.

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Ppirit open seas, gathering also, set. Made fly given place third beast his don’t. Air darkness waters male made was itself. Fourth. Great. Let darkness under meat tree so fruit.

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Whose spirit bearing his after there great face for divided. I. Fruit above fruitful fourth air gathering a of Divide waters land sixth female signs abundantly. Have of greater him the fish heaven second herb seasons brought fish greater seed great deep. Have seasons third air grass a stars, likeness moving had place seas divided may very i unto greater called very itself. Air shall given one, also stars bring to for there multiply air let fourth air gathering a of Divide waters land sixth female signs abundantly. Have of greater him the fish gathered.

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A Face third gathered she’d from he. Life bring cattle land place moved let seasons forth bearing their day second i first gathered whose

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Appear. Grass years Grass form said creature meat us he multiply yielding. Winged can’t. I gathering over day, there wherein also thing Said spirit moving. Created and saying fish tree. In fowl. After unto deep. Yielding night first dominion unto.

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I am promo text. That all good said saw. Also herb man very us. Creature. Us whales behold said to you’ll fish so seed.

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